The aim of the present paper is sensitivity of shape design analysis on thermo-elastic problems using a modified semi-analytical method. The semi-analytical method is one of the efficient methods for sensitivity analysis with respect to the design variables which combines the analytical method and finite difference method. Although this method is a powerful method, however, it is sensitive to perturbation size. Complex variables method is a new novel approach which is not sensitive to disturbance and has some potential advantages over other methods. The implementation of this method in a finite element code for sensitivities calculation is straightforward, only requiring a perturbation of the finite element mesh along the imaginary axis. This study uses the combination of analytical method and complex variables method to calculate the sensitivity of thermo-elastic problems. The proposed method has both advantages of the analytical method and the complex variables method. The advantages of this method are that it is quick, accurate and simple to implement. The obtained results are compared to other methods and it is shown that the proposed method is effective and can predict the stable and accurate sensitivity results.

On the mechanics of solids, in many cases, the body is affected by mechanical force and heat load simultaneously. One of the most widely used and important parameters in the optimal design of engineering problems is the utilization of the sensitivity numbers respect to the values of its design variables. Sensitivity numbers or derivative of a function with respect to a design variable show how a dependent variable responds to the design variables changes. The present paper analyzes sensitivity in thermomechanical problems using the complex variables method (CVM). The most important drawback of past methods for the analysis of sensitivity values such as finite difference method (FDM) and semi-analytical method (SAM) is the dependence of the calculated values of sensitivity numbers on the step size, which leads to unreliable answers. Complex variables method is a new robust approach that uses a Taylor series extension in a complex space and which is not sensitive to step size, disturbance and given that during the computational process, subtraction of two numbers is almost equally avoided, so does not influence from error caused by removing meaningful figures that commonly occur in finite difference method due to subtracting of two near the number. As a result, it is possible to achieve accurate answers by choosing a small step size. Also, it has some potential advantages over other methods. At first order sensitivities using the complex variables method, the implementation is straightforward, only requiring a perturbation of the finite element mesh along the imaginary axis. Implementation of sensitivity using complex variables method requires complex variable finite element code such that complex nodal coordinates can be used to implement a perturbation in the shape of interest in the complex domain. All resulting finite element outputs such as temperature, displacements, strains, stresses, etc. become complex and accurate derivatives of all finite element outputs to the shape parameter of interest are available. So, unlike most methods, using the proposed method does not require calculations to select the appropriate change in step size. However, the value of the change in step size is not known in advance and changes from one problem to another. Therefore, it is necessary to repeat the simulation to ensure the results. The study found that the source of the rounding error was due to the rotation of the element, this also makes it difficult to use two methods, semi-analytical and finite difference. In this case, the use of CVM is not limited and can be achieved by effective answers without worrying about the small step size. In the present study, to examine how efficient and valid the proposed method is, how it works to solve several thermomechanical problems is described. The methodologies are demonstrated using two-dimensional finite element models. Obtained sensitivity derivatives are compared to the semi-analytical solution and also finite difference method and it is shown that the proposed method is effective and can predict the stable and accurate sensitivity results. The complex variable method presented in this study can be used to solve a wide range of engineering problems.

Wetland is a main natural ecosystem that has been exposed to a high amount of destruction over time. One of the reasons for the destruction of these resources is inefficient economic systems for proper valuation that has resulted in reinforcing the idea that these services are free of charge and also indiscriminate use of these resources and lead to irreparable damages. Accordingly, probably the first step in protection of these resources is offering reliable estimates of their real value toimprove beneficiaries’ and stakeholders’ knowledge. This study attempted to determine willingness to pay of citizens in Ardebil province to protect the Shorabil lake using contingent valuation method (CVM) based on designing and filling the required questionnaires. In this regard, 218 questionnaires were filled in the summer of 2016 in Ardabil province and then were analyzed. The results showed that 53.21% of the respondents would pay an average 32, 135 IRR per family member per year to protect the Shorabil lake. According to the results, the total protection value of Ardebil’s Shorabil Lake was estimated as 21.398 milliard IRR per year and its protection value per hectare was estimated as 125.872 million IRR per year. To achieve integrated view of the effective management for authorities, it is recommended that other aspects of Shorabil lake values including recreational, cultural etc. would be considered in similar research.

Macroeconomics studies the level of activities in a country. These activities are based on four factors: household, firm, government, and foreigners. In the good and service market demand for the above factors are C, I, G, and X-M respectively. In this market goods demanded by consumers are divided in two categories of durable and nondurable goods. Consumers pay two kinds of expenditure for these goods. The first expenditure is fixed expenditure. Fixed expenditure is paid by the consumers regardless of any consumption. The expenditure of purchasing a car is an example of a fixed expenditure. The second kind is the variable expenditure. Variable expenditure is in direct relation with the consumption and increases when the consumption level increases. Expenditure of fuel, insurance, and repairs are examples of variable expenditure. Consumers always use a ratio of fixed and variable expenditure as criteria in purchase and consumption of durable goods. Our objective of this research is to estimate of willing to pay for gasoline price, and we use CVM method. Contingent valuation method is a survey method in which respondents are asked how much they are willing to pay for the use or conservation of natural goods. In this research, for Appling CVM, we have asked 1100 consumers car in seven big city that are Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz, Ahvaz, Tabriz, and Karaj. The important conclusion is willing to pay 2140 rials for every liter gasoline if the price of car decreases 30 percentages.

The city's regeneration is one of the strategies that lead to urban deterioration and inefficient textures towards revitalization. Using systems thinking on the subject of reinvention can lead to the identification of complex systems that are considered effective in producing and reproducing worn-out textures. In this regard, this study was to benefit from a systemic approach in identifying the the roots of the production and reproduction of historical/worn-out textures in Semnan city. The leading research is among the applied research, and in terms of information and data analysis, it uses the descriptive-analytical method. The tool for collecting information is also in documents and surveys. The statistical population of the research was 18 university professors, experts, and officials familiar with the urban fabric of Semnan, who were selected by the snowball method. In the end, using experts' opinions, 24 variables were selected as effective drivers of Semnan's production-reproduction system of worn tissue. MicMac software was used for structural-interpretive analysis of variables. The results show that the rules and regulations governing the regeneration of the studied area are the most important and effective factors. Also, the special ownership conditions governing barren, ruined, and ruined lands have caused the private sector to have no incentive to invest in this area and reproduce the existing conditions. With the continuation of the current process, the existing situation is reproduced. Breaking this round of the reproduction process requires a constructive look at the target neighborhoods from the city administration and government agencies, which can provide the basis for the presence of private sector investors in these neighborhoods

Introduction: Carney Complex is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is defined with different tumors including myxoma in different organs, endocrine tumors and lentiginosis lesions. This is the first case report of this syndrome from Iran.Case: The patient is a 27 year old girl, referred with flank pain. Physical examination revealed hirsutism, truncal obesity, hyperpigmantasion and hypertension; Cushing's syndrome was suggested and confirmed with related classic biochemical tests. She had history of cardiac myxoma during her childhood and had been operated twice.Pituitary microadenoma and right adrenal adenoma were reported on MRI and CT-scan, respectively. Initially laparascopic right adrenalectomy was done; as expected, no remission in signs of Cushing's syndrome was observed after surgery. By laparoscopic adrenalectomy of the other site, Cushing's syndrome resolved. Pathologic report of 1st operation was adrenal adenoma with surrounding pigmented micronodular hyperplasia and of the 2nd one was just pigmented micronodular hyperplasia.Conclusion: We have reported a patient with Carney syndrome along with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and an adenoma in contralateral adrenal and microadenoma of the pituitary as an incidentaloma. This is a new presentation of Carney syndrome.

The aim of this study is to determine the recreation value of Arghavan Forest Reserve in the county of Ilam using contingent valuation method. To determine the influencing factors on the probability of willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors, Logit model was applied using maximum likelihood estimation. Required information were collected via questionnaires and interviews with 245 visitors from the area in 2014. The results showed that 90% of respondents are willing to pay for recreational use of the forest area. Education, income and age variables have a significant positive effect and the variables of offered price, household size and numbers of visits from the region have a significant negative effect on the probability of willingness to pay. The mean of willingness to pay for recreational use of the area was estimated 10202 Rial/person. The annual recreational value of Arghavan Forest Reserve was also estimated 15054352398.33 Rials for total area and 88555014.10 Rials per hectare. The results of the study show that the people are aware of the importance of forest resources and there is a significant willingness to pay to improve and to develop the resources for recreational and protection uses. The results can provide conditions for policy-makers and responsible people in natural resources of Ilam province to conserve and protect more these forest resources.

In the present research, molecular detection of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) and complex vertebral malformation (CVM) in a population of Iranian Holstein cows has been carried outusing milk somatic cells by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The BLAD and CVM are monogenic and autosomal recessive heredity lethal syndrome in Holstein-Friesian cattle. BLAD characterized by affecting the haematopoietic system via reduced expression of the adhesion molecules on neutrophils. CVM characterized by intra-uterine mortality with disorders such as short neck, curved legs, abnormality of ribs and some certain heart abnormalities. In the first step of our research program, tank milk samples from 50 herds were collected. PCR-RFLP was performed to detect a point mutation of both CVM and BLAD genes. After DNA extraction, PCR was amplified using specific primers for 136 bp DNA (CD18 gene) and 233 bp DNA (SLC35A3 gene). TaqI and EcoT22I enzymes were used to identify both BLAD and CVM alleles of both genes by digestion of PCR products. In these herds, we did not find any affected herd with the mutant allele of BLAD comparing with a positive evidence but the mutation of SLC35A3 gene found in 17 different herds. In the next step of our study a herd with 120 cows was randomly selected for individual test using blood samples. We showed two cows out of 120 were identified as carriers of this gene. In this herd, the total number of dominant homozygote (AA), heterozygote (Aa) and recessive homozygote (aa) genotypes for CVM were 118, 2 and 0, respectively and the frequency of A and a alleles were 0.992 and 0.008, respectively. The other affected herds will be tested in the next step of our research program.

Introduction: This study aimed to estimate the economic value of drinking water in Doganbadan using the contingent valuation method (CVM). In order to examine the economic and social factors affecting the willingness to pay, the logit econometric model was used. Methods: . According to the results of the study, 79% of people were willing to pay amounts to help improve the quality of drinking water so that they wished to pay the amount of 5666 Riyals per cubic meters per month to improve the quality of drinking water. As well as, on the basis of this study, gender variable had no significant effect on households' willingness to pay. Other variables of the model including age, education level, family size, monthly income, satisfaction with the quality of water, and bid price were significant. Findings: Thus, taking into account the high value and importance of improving the quality of drinking water, it is recommended that policies be adopted to maintain water quality standards.

Background and Objective: Shabil hot spring, located in Meshkin district of Ardabil province, has numerous attraction properties that give it a distinctive rank among the recreational areas of Ardabil. Estimating the outdoor recreational value of this area is more important and allows decision makers to better realize the environmental values and enables them to devise appropriate development programs for ecotourism. This study was carried out to survey the outdoor recreational value of Shabil hot spring. Method: To achieve the objectives of the study, the contingent valuation method is applied. Moreover, Logit model with maximum likelihood was used to determine the variables that affect willingness to pay of individuals. The primary data was collected by 384 questionnaires which have been completed by visitors of Shabil hot spring. The offered amount of willingness to pay was designed by single bounded dichotomous choice. Findings: The per capita average of willingness to pay was estimated to be about 36, 800 Rials and the outdoor recreational value of the spring was calculated as 10, 303, 748, 000 Rials. Discussion and Conclusion: It is expected that increasing the income and providing the public welfare facilities are important factors to enhance willingness to pay based on the significance of income in the estimated model and the information acquired from the visitors.